Antarctica, Technological advancements in exploration
The period between World Wars I and II marks the beginning of the mechanical, particularly the aerial, age of Antarctic exploration. Wartime developments in aircraft, aerial cameras, radios, and motor transport were adapted for polar operation. On Nov. 16, 1928, the first heavier-than-air flight in Antarctica was made by the Alaskan bush pilot C.B. Eielson and George Hubert
Antarctica, Technological advancements in exploration
The period between World Wars I and II marks the beginning of the mechanical, particularly the aerial, age of Antarctic exploration. Wartime developments in aircraft, aerial cameras, radios, and motor transport were adapted for polar operation. On Nov. 16, 1928, the first heavier-than-air flight in Antarctica was made by the Alaskan bush pilot C.B. Eielson and George Hubert
Oral Surgery
Dental specialty that deals with the diagnosis and surgical treatment of the diseases, injuries, and defects of the human mouth, jaw, and associated structures. The most common oral surgery procedure is tooth extraction. Other dental problems that require the skill of an oral surgeon include treatment of cysts (liquid- or semisolid-filled sacs), tumours, lesions, and
Epigraphy
Because such media were exclusive or predominant in many of mankind's earliest civilizations, epigraphy is a prime tool in recovering much of the firsthand record of antiquity. It is thus an essential
Thomas, Theodore
A violin prodigy, Thomas moved with his family to New York City, where he was to become a shaping force in practically every aspect of the city's musical life. While in his
Bohemian Glass
Decorative glass made in Bohemia and Silesia from the 13th century. Especially notable is the cut and engraved glass in high Baroque style made from 1685 to 1750. Early in the 17th century, Caspar Lehmann, gem cutter to Emperor Rudolf II in Prague, adapted to glass the technique of gem engraving with copper and bronze wheels. Although intaglio (Tiefschnitt, �deep cut�) and high relief
Lermontov, Mikhail
Only 26 years old when he died, Lermontov had proved his worth as a brilliant and gifted poet-thinker, prose writer, and playwright, the successor of Pushkin, and an exponent of the best traditions of Russian literature. His youthful lyric poetry is filled with a passionate craving for freedom and contains calls to battle, agonizing reflections on how to apply his strengths
Earth, The Earth's gravitational field
Texts include Michele Caputo, The Gravity Field of the Earth, from Classical and Modern Methods (1967); W.A. Heiskanen and F.A. Vening Meinesz, The Earth and Its Gravity Field (1958); and W.M. Telford et al., Applied Geophysics (1976). The Journal of Geophysical Research contains much recent work, including the following articles: LeRoy M. Dorman and Brian T.R. Lewis, �Experimental Isostasy, 1: Theory of the Determination of the Earth's Isostatic Response to a Concentrated Load,� 75(17):3357 - 65 (June 10, 1970), �Experimental Isostasy, 2: An Isostatic Model for the U.S.A. Derived from Gravity and Topographic Data,� 75(17):3367 - 86 (June 10, 1970), and �Experimental Isostasy, 3: Inversion of the Isostatic Green Function and Lateral Density Changes,� 77(17):3068 - 77 (June 10, 1972); G.D. Karner and A.B. Watts, �Gravity Anomalies and Flexure of the Lithosphere at Mountain Ranges,� 88(B12):10,449 - 10,477 (Dec. 10, 1983); and Marcia McNutt, �Implications of Regional Gravity for State of Stress in the Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle,� 85(B11):6377 - 96 (Nov. 10, 1980).
New Georgia Group
Volcanic island group in the Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean, 90 mi (145 km) northwest of Guadalcanal. The main islands (northwest to southeast) are Vella Lavella, Ranongga, Gizo, Kolombangara (cone-shaped, with a solfataric volcano, 5,800 ft [1,768 m]), Vona Vona, New Georgia (the largest, 50 mi long and 20 mi across at its widest point), Rendova, Tetepare, Vangunu, and Nggatokae. The islands
Salan, Raoul (-albin-louis)
French military officer who sought to prevent Algeria from gaining independence from France. In 1961 - 62 he led an organization of right-wing extremists, the Organisation de l'Arm�e Secr�te (OAS; Secret Army Organization), in a campaign of terror against the government of Charles de Gaulle in both France and Algeria before being captured,
Zollinger, Albin
Zollinger was a primary school teacher who lived in or near Z�rich all his life except for four years (1903 - 07) in Argentina. Three-quarters of his work was written in the last 10 years of his life, during which he consumed himself in creative activity. Following
Latrobe, Benjamin (henry)
Latrobe attended the Moravian college at Niesky, Saxony, and traveled in France and Italy, acquiring a knowledge
Aurobindo, Sri
Aurobindo's education began in a Christian convent school in Darjeeling, and then, still a boy, he was sent to England for further schooling. He entered the University of Cambridge, where he became proficient in two
Defamation
Although defamation is a creation of English law, similar doctrines existed several thousand years ago. In Roman law abusive chants were
Ryan, Nolan
Ryan was taught to play baseball by an elder brother and was a wild but fast pitcher in high school before he was signed by the National League New York Mets in 1965. He pitched for their minor league
Usk
Welsh �Brynbuga� town, present and historic county of Monmouthshire, Wales, lying along the River Usk 20 miles (32 km) from its Bristol Channel mouth. The town was settled first by Celts and then by Romans, who called it Burrium. A Norman castle was built in the 12th century but was partially destroyed about 1402 during the rebellion of the Welsh prince Owen Glendower. Usk is now a small market town and
Arts, Central Asian, Turkish literature
The purely Turkish period in the history of Turkish literatures came before the conversion of the Turks to Islam and covers approximately the 8th to the 11th centuries AD. The oldest literary legacy of the period is found in the Orhon inscriptions, found in the Orhon valley, northern Mongolia, in 1889 and deciphered in 1893 by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen. The inscriptions
Alaska Purchase
William Henry Seward, secretary of state under President Andrew Johnson, had as early as 1860 dreamed of acquiring Alaska. The territory was considered an economic liability by the Russians, and in December 1866 Baron Eduard de Stoeckl, Russian
Meta
Department, in eastern Colombia, bounded north by the R�o Meta and south by the R�o Guaviare. Created in 1959, it covers an area of 33,064 sq mi (85,635 sq km) and consists of lowlands, except for the Serran�a (mountains) de La Macarena in the southwest and the Andean Cordillera (mountains) Oriental in the west. Agriculture is concentrated on the lower mountain slopes, where grains, oilseeds,
Lennox, Charlotte
Charlotte Ramsay was the daughter of a British army officer who was said to have been lieutenant governor of the colony of New York.
Jir�sek, Alois
Jir�sek was a secondary-school teacher until his retirement in 1909. He wrote a series of historical novels imbued with faith in his nation and in progress toward freedom and justice.
Floral Decoration
Liberty Hyde Bailey and Ethel Zoe Bailey (comps.), Hortus Second: A Concise Dictionary of Gardening, General Horticulture and Cultivated Plants in North America (1941), basic for nomenclature; Victor Loret, La Flore pharaonique d'apres les documents hieroglyphiques et les specimens decouverts dans les tombes, 2nd ed. (1892), includes information concerning wreaths and garlands; Charles Victor Daremberg and E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquites Grecques et Romaines d'apres les textes et les monuments, vol. l, pt. 2 (1877), lists flowers grown and ornamental uses (under �Corona� and �Coronarius et Coronaria�); John Gerard, The Herball (1597), descriptions and contemporary wood engravings of English garden flowers; John Parkinson, Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris (1629), descriptions and usage of flowers in 17th-century England; P. Giovanni Battista Ferrari, Flora ouero cultura di fiori (1633), on the culture and care of cut flowers, including how to preserve, arrange, and ship them, with interesting illustrations; Philip Miller, The Gardeners Dictionary, 2 vol. (1735), an important and popular 18th-century work, with full descriptions of garden flowers and illustrations; Helen Gere Cruickshann (ed.), John and William Bartram's America (1957), contains information about new plant discoveries and exchanges of garden material between America and England in the 18th century; Godey's Lady's Book (1830 - 98), almost monthly advice in the editorial pages about gardening or arranging flowers; J. Ramsbottom, A Book of Roses (1939), information about old-fashioned roses; Ralph G. Warner, Dutch and Flemish Flower and Fruit Painters of the 17th and 18th Centuries (1928), profusely illustrated; Julia S. Berrall, A History of Flower Arrangement, rev. ed. (1968), on all styles and periods, including original source lists of plant materials and many illustrations; Margaret Fairbanks Marcus, Period Flower Arrangement (1952), emphasis on art; Josiah Conder, The Theory of Japanese Flower Arrangements (1935), reprint of an original paper read by the author in 1889 to the Asiatic Society of Japan, to which have been added 36 colour plates of Ikenobo and moribana arrangements; Alfred Koehn, The Art of Japanese Flower Arrangement (Ikebana): A Handbook for Beginners (1934), with actual photographs instead of paintings; Donald Richie and Meredith Weatherby (eds.), The Masters' Book of Japanese Flower Arrangement: With Lessons by the Masters of Japan's Three Foremost Schools: Sen'ei Ikenobo, Houn Ohara, Sofu Teshigahara (1966), contains an excellent historic section illustrated from the arts and photographs in colour and black and white contemporary expressions; Shozo Soto, The Art of Arranging Flowers (1966), on all aspects of Japanese flower arranging, with excellent colour and black and white illustrations throughout. Later works include Gertrude Jekyll, Flower Decoration in the House (1982), and Colour Schemes for the Flower Garden, 8th ed. (1982); Emma Wood and Jane Merer, Flower Crafts (1982); Marian Aaronson, Flowers in the Modern Manner (1981); Tokuji Furuta, Interior Landscaping (1983); Interior Plantscape Association (U.S.), Manual of Practice (1980); Mary Adams, Natural Flower Arranging (1981); Edith Black, Modern Flower Arranging (1982).
Australia, Overall characteristics
Australia is a land of vast plains. Only 6 percent of the island continent is above 2,000 feet (600 metres) in elevation. Its highest peak, Mount Kosciusko, rises to only 7,310 feet (2,228 metres). This situation stems in part from the long periods of geologic time during which Australia has been subject to weathering and erosion and in part from Australia's position at the edge of a zone of significant
Eylau, Battle Of
(Feb. 7 - 8, 1807), one of the engagements in the Napoleonic War of the Third Coalition. The first major deadlock suffered by Napoleon, the battle was fought around the East Prussian town of Eylau (modern Bagrationovsk, Russia), 23 miles (37 km) south of K�nigsberg (Kaliningrad). The 76,000 Russians and Prussians under Leonty Leontyevich Bennigsen confronted 74,000 men under Napoleon shortly after
Amphibious Warfare
Military operations characterized by attacks launched from the sea by naval and landing forces against hostile shores. The main form is the amphibious assault, which may be conducted for any of several purposes: to serve as a prelude to further combat operations ashore; to seize a site required as an advanced naval or air base; or to deny the use of the site or area to
La V�rendrye, Pierre Gaultier De Varennes, Et De
French-Canadian soldier, fur trader, and explorer whose exploits, little honoured during his lifetime, rank him as one of the greatest explorers of the Canadian West. Moreover, the string of trading posts he and his sons built in the course of their search for an overland route to the �western sea� broke the monopoly
Military Aircraft, Day fighters
Air superiority was crucial to the outcome of most of the decisive campaigns of World War II, and here the performance of single-seat fighters was generally the critical factor. First-class fighters required extremely powerful aero engines suitable for compact, low-drag installation, and in this respect Britain, Germany, and the United States were in a class by themselves.
Uveitis
Inflammation of the uvea, the middle coat of the eyeball, which is pigmented and contains blood vessels. The uvea consists of three parts: the iris, the ciliary body (containing the muscle that controls the curvature of the lens), and the choroid, the layer of the eyeball between the retina and the sclera (the white outer covering of all except the front part of the eyeball).
Amuzgo
The people are agricultural, using the plow or digging stick to plant staples of corn, beans, and squash,
